Rystad：全球化石燃料碳排放量将在2025年前达到峰值

 

不同地区的脱碳情况各不相同，预计未来几年化石燃料二氧化碳排放的主要贡献者将发挥不同的作用。例如，到2030年前，欧洲、美国化石燃料二氧化碳排放量将分别减少24%、18%。欧洲和美国正走在结构性脱碳经济的道路上，从2025年起，它们将倾向于新实施的清洁技术和低碳政策。

 

另一方面，由于经济增长和人口增长，印度预计将继续扩大化石燃料二氧化碳排放的势头。我们预计印度的化石燃料二氧化碳排放量将在2022年至2030年期间增加36%，在2025年超过欧洲，在21世纪30年代初超过美国。我们预计，由于非煤炭发电加快步伐以满足国内不断增长的电力需求，印度的化石燃料二氧化碳排放量的增长将在本世纪30年代放缓。

 

在其他地方，到2030年前，工业部门化石燃料二氧化碳排放量预计将增加大约20%。

 

李峻 编译自 美国钻井网站

 

原文如下：

 

Fossil Fuel Emissions To Peak Within Two Years

 

The inflection point for fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is nigh, with emissions on track to peak by 2025, according to Rystad Energy research and analysis.

 

On the current global pathway of announced policies, projects, industry trends and expected technological advancements, global CO2 emissions are poised to hit about 39 gigatonnes per year (Gtpa) in 2025 before settling into a steady annual decline as industries clean up their carbon footprint.

 

Emissions hit a record high in 2022 as countries scrambled to secure reliable, affordable fuel for power generation on the back of  the war. As a result, many turned to more carbon-intensive fuels as a short-term solution to their energy security crises, reviving mothballed coal plants and prioritizing gas over cleaner alternatives. While these fuels will still have a role to play in the global economy for decades to come, the broader push towards a cleaner future is showing no signs of slowing down.

 

As a sign of things to come, direct CO2 emissions – carbon dioxide originating from fossil fuel combustion at the plants worldwide – from power and heat generation will peak this year. The decline will be minimal initially before gathering momentum in the coming years, becoming a significant factor behind the decrease in total CO2 emissions from all sectors by 2025.

 

“Peak fossil fuel CO2 emissions within the next two years is an outstanding global achievement, exceptional when considering the current supply chain roadblocks and the high focus on energy security. If the industry can maintain this momentum, global warming of less than 2.0 degrees Celsius is within reach,” said Artem Abramov, head of clean tech research at Rystad Energy.

 

Fossil CO2 emissions reached an all-time high of about 38.3 Gtpa last year, raising eyebrows and questions about the world’s ability to deliver on ambitious climate goals to limit warming to between 1.5 and 2.0 degrees Celsius. However, Rystad’s comprehensive emissions modeling points to an imminent emissions inflection point. The data shows a peak of 39 Gtpa in 2025, but that timeline could move up to as early as next year if the short-term macroeconomic outlook accelerates the energy transition.

 

Power and heating driving emissions reductions globally

 

Last year proved a challenging one for global climate goals. On the one hand, a record amount of new utility-scale solar and wind capacity was added – about 300 GW globally – triggering a sizeable increase in renewable-generated electricity, a trend that is likely to increase again this year.

 

However, these new installations were weaker than forecast, thanks to low-carbon supply-chain disruptions and inflationary pressure. Moreover, the war fundamentally disrupted energy flows, resulting in widespread natural gas shortages, particularly in Europe, facilitating the increase in coal use for power generation. As a result, direct fossil CO2 emissions from the power and heat sectors hit record highs of around 14.4 Gtpa.

 

Global industrial emissions last year stayed flat at around 9.95 Gtpa.

 

Transport emissions increased by 0.2 Gtpa to reach 7.8 Gtpa in 2022 – falling short of pre-Covid peaks of 8.2 Gtpa due to the continued weakness of the aviation sector, triggered by the pandemic and accelerating penetration of electric vehicles. EV adoption is approaching the levels needed to offset the annual global growth of the size of the active car fleet.

 

Despite these setbacks, the power and heating sector is expected to drive the upcoming fossil CO2 decline from mid-decade onwards. In 2023, the addition of renewable generation capacity is projected to outstrip the uptick in electricity demand. From 2025, annual renewable generation additions will start materially affecting total fossil fuel output.

 

This trend will also accompany continuous coal-to-gas switching. Transportation and industrial emissions will peak later this decade but are also expected to join the decarbonization trend in the second half of the 2020s. At the same time, the first generation of large-scale commercial carbon capture initiatives will also start playing non-negligible roles, driven initially by projects in Europe and North America.

 

Europe, the US, etc. made progress, India’s emissions grow

 

The decarbonization picture differs across regions, and key contributors of emissions are expected to play diverging roles in the coming years. For instance, Europe, the US, are on track to reduce fossil CO2 emissions by 24%, 18%, , respectively, by 2030. Europe and the US are on a path to structurally decarbonize their economies, leaning into newly implemented clean technology and low carbon policies from 2025 onwards.

 

At the other end of the spectrum, India is expected to continue its momentum of expanding CO2 emissions as its economy expands and the population grows. We expect Indian CO2 emissions to increase by 36% between 2022 and 2030, surpassing Europe in 2025 and the US in the early 2030s. We anticipate growing emissions to slow in the 2030s as non-coal power generation steps up to meet incremental electricity demand growth.

 

Elsewhere, industrial emissions are expected to increase by about 20% by 2030.